A History of Baseball: 1840-1900
“Gentlemen, I mean to devise a game that will incorporate my love of hitting balls with sticks and my love of waiting patiently for something mildly exciting to happen.” - Abner Doubleday ca. 1839.
In 1839 Abner Doubleday set out to create an entirely new game, a game that would change America. In less than a year he had managed to steal enough ideas from a variety of other games to finally premiere “A. Doubleday’s Fantastical Amusement Known As Bases & Balls: An Ideal Remedy For A Sedentary Lifestyle And An Excellent Way In Which To Experience This Proud Nation’s Fresh Air And Great Outdoors!” The first game was a resounding success and no one seemed to care that Doubleday had forgotten to find a way to finish his new game (it ended in the 137th inning when both sides agreed to temporarily halt the proceedings so they could take a quick opium break from which they would never return). The second game was even more successful due to Doubleday instituting the 90 inning cap, shortening the name to “A. Doubleday’s Hardballs” and hiring drunks instead of opium addicts to play.
In 1842 Doubleday abandoned his game to work on another sport that he called “Insane Racist Kill Ball.” Though now long forgotten, IKRB is now recognized as being influential on the much more popular “Civil War” that swept America in the early 1860’s. Taking over for Doubleday as Baseball’s de facto chief was Hercules Gilgamesh Swiggins. Swiggins modified the game slightly, instituting the foul line and eliminating the element of ritual murder. Less popular was his insistence that, “Only men of youthful vigour and firm in figure shall play, and they shall play in the nude, and I shall watch from over yonder, behind that tree.” Sadly Swiggin’s reign was short lived and by the late 1840’s clothes were back on playing field. Swiggin’s fell back in to obscurity until the late 1870’s when he was seen attempting to organize a new game in bathhouses and changing rooms across America.
By the 1850’s baseball was spreading in to the interior. It was the renegade, lawless era of the sport. There were no organized clubs or leagues but rather degenerate posses roaming the country searching for hookers, whiskey and large fields containing a diamond pattern with 4 bases spread exactly 90 feet apart. Most games ended in bloody shootouts after one team invariably reckoned that the field was not big enough for the both of ‘em (this was alleviated when the teams were reduced from 72 a side to 9).
In the early 1860’s baseball had become so popular in the North that President Abraham Lincoln decided he would forcibly impose it on the South through a bloody war of attrition. After 4 years and hundreds of thousands of deaths the South reluctantly embraced the Yankee sport of baseball or, as they called it, “emancipation-ball”. So happy were the Southerners after playing the new game that they freed all of their slaves.
In the years after the Civil War baseball became even more popular and as a result people realized that there were profits to be made. As always these people were old white men who only had the best of intentions. Though numerous leagues were established the most important was stockings magnate Elijah George Jefferson’s Stocking League (SL). In the SL players wore uniforms and were paid salaries. Fans gained the privilege of paying to sit and watch grown men swing at balls with sticks. Teams like the New York Brown Stockings played the Pittsburgh Green Stockings played in front of crowds of thousands. Unfortunately most fans and players grew tired of the league’s strange association with stockings. In 1868 one player, Burt “Ole Socks” McGee, famously asked: “Why are all of our teams named after the colour of our stockings? This is a dumb trend that I hope does not catch on.” In 1869 the league finally collapsed when players refused payment in socks.
In 1870 a new league was formed: the New League. In the NL teams eschewed the names of the SL and created exciting new names like the Pittsburgh Baseball Franchise, the Hartford Hartfordians, the Philadelphia Team Name Forthcoming and the Boston Red Stockings. The NL was an immediate success and the first stars of the era emerged. Men like Maverick “Steve” Abernathie and Aces “John” Malone wowed crowds with their uncanny ability to draw walks after falling behind in the count. Ladies swooned as the great pitcher Dutch Brannigan established the strike zone early on and had little trouble keeping his pitch count below 110 through eight innings of nearly shut out ball.
There were many memorable figures playing in the 1870’s but by far the most popular player was the consummate showman Petey “The Consummate Showman” Pelley. Known less for his athleticism, skill and understanding of the basic rules than he was for entertaining the crowd Petey quickly became a fan favourite. His most famous trick was to steal home plate from first base. When Pelley’s “first to home!” trick became old he began to steal right field from the dug out. The discovery the Petey Pelley was a moderately retarded escaped circus performer who was only trying to, as he said, “escape from the clowns who live in my head!” put a quick end to his popularity but he is still remembered as the only man ever to steal an opposing teams batting circle.
While the NL was thriving the game of baseball continued spreading west, across America. In 1875 General George Armstrong Custer generously donated baseball equipment from a team decimated by small pox to the Sioux Indians of the Dakotas. Unfortunately the Sioux Indians (as their team was known) upset liberal sensibilities with their racist name and the team was relocated to Cleveland. The Indians would get some revenge in 1876 when they “massacred” Custer and the 7th Cavalry at Little Bighorn, beating them 17-4 (Custer: 2 IP, 9 ER, 2 K’s, 6 BB’s; Sitting Bull: 7 IP, 2 ER, 9 K’s, 4 BB’s).
Little Bighorn had a negative effect on the popular game and by the late 1870’s baseball was no longer a top draw. Also fans started realizing that nothing ever fucking happened. Fortunately one brave, incredibly wealthy, old white man recognized that he could still make some money off the game and he selflessly devoted himself to saving the sport. The man’s name was Abraham Ezekiel McMoses and he clearly outlined his vision for the game he loved in an 1879 letter to his wife.
“Dearest Mary
In this eighteen hundred and seventy ninth year of our Lord I have set out to save the greatest American past time of baseball. The game has fallen into disrepute of late because it has been rightly characterized as a complicated pursuit where grown men stand around and nothing happens. My idea is not so much to change the game itself but instead to provide the audience with ample amounts of whiskey that will enliven their spirits and cloud their already simple minds. This drunken stupor should in turn motivate them to make ill thought wagers on the outcome of the game. I heartily feel that the addition of whiskey and gambling will mislead the great number of imbeciles in our nation in to believing this game is worth watching and thus provide me with even more riches. This is my dream Mary and I plan to follow it. May God Bless Us!
Sincerely, Your Loving Husband
P.S. My final idea is also to incorporate humorously shaped hats for the players to wear for the amusement of the moronic audience.”
In one moment of inspired genius McMoses had saved the game of baseball. The funny hats were never adopted but alcohol and gambling saved the dying sport. The New League filled stadiums with men so blindingly drunk they gambled with reckless abandon. Even to this day only a few really big nerds can enjoy baseball without alcohol or gambling.
The 1880’s saw yet another renaissance in baseball but the savage alcoholism and degenerate gambling now associated with the sport had a few unforeseen negative side effects. It was not just the fans that embraced the new baseball but many players did as well. Players began betting on games they were playing while swigging down moonshine. One pitcher for the Cincinnati Reds, Chet Rankin, drank a quart of whiskey after every inning and fans placed bets on when he would inevitably wet himself and collapse under the weight of his own drunkenness. Sadly, Mr. Rankin was considered one of the more upstanding players of the decade.
Alcohol induced vomiting and uncontrolled urination may have been entertaining (and still is) but rampant gambling was less so. Players intentionally losing games for payoffs ruined many careers. That is to say that the morons who refused payoffs made no easy money and could not live the fun filled, regret free lifestyle of their corrupt colleagues. I mean it just makes sense, a couple of hundred bucks just to strike out or whatever, you would have to be an idiot not to take that deal. Anyways a lot of those guys made some real easy money for not doing much and I am sure as hell not going to get all preachy and shit on their parade. Man, that was a sweet gig.
The gambling could not continue on forever though and the league decided to rethink the unrestricted policy when games went on indefinitely because neither side wanted to win and fail to collect that sweet, easy money. A dejected McMoses had to step down as commissioner of the NL. It was a sad day for Baseball. In 1889 he penned a letter to his wife bemoaning his demise:
“Dearest Mary
I will be returning to you my sweet wife. Though I am no longer in charge of the affairs of this dumb game I will be glad to leave this menagerie of vagabonds, rogues, drunks, thieves and losers who so love baseball. I do not want to upset your Christian sensibilities with tales of these awful men but I will say this: it was a total dickweed convention. Thankfully I milked them for all they were worth. Please inform the children that I shall be home in a fortnight. May God keep you in good stead.
Sincerely, Your Loving Husband.
P.S. Please contact the local haberdashery for I have an inordinate amount of whimsically shaped hats and head garments that I will no doubt need to sell to some one.”
In 1890 McMoses was replaced by a stern taskmaster known as Archibald Jefferson Davis Williams. Williams was Southern Baptist Preacher who aimed to bring back integrity to the game while eliminating all the fun. He was an unpleasant, humourless man who hated alcohol, gambling, women, children, animals, books, talking and everything. He only liked baseball, the Bible and severe beatings. His own wife once said that “the only time I witnessed him smiling was when he severely beat our children with the Bible after a good Baseball game.”
Williams immediately divided the Old League in to the American and National Leagues because he hated odd numbers (he is also reported to have said, “I don’t much care for even numbers either”). His next move was to implement severe beatings for anyone who gambled, drank alcohol or associated with any woman who was not his wife. He followed these rules so strictly that he beat his own son for spending too much time with his mother. His son was not even in the league and was six years old.
The two new leagues led by Williams returned baseball's reputation as a sport of gentlemen. Unfortunately in the 1890’s “gentleman” equaled “racist”. Thus in 1891 Williams decided to ban all non-white players. It was a devastating blow to the sport which had been interracial dating back to the very first game played in 1840 when Abner Doubleday picked “that black guy” to play for his squad. It would not be until 1947 that Jackie Robinson would finally shatter the colour barrier (along with the dreams of dozens of mediocre white baseball players).
While the game was supposed to be all white the 1890’s were dominated by players who managed to cleverly hide their place of origin in order to play in the big leagues. Fortunately, Williams was incredibly gullible and took the nicknames of players quite literally often overlooking their heritage if their nickname indicated they came from somewhere else. As such the men who shaped the game in the 1890’s were Sayid “The Danish Sensation” Ali, “The Flying Dutchman” Van Louc Minh, Chief Little Horse aka “The Austrian Ace” and, of course, “The Pride of Norway” Sanjay Vijayaraghavan. Sadly the great Irish player Paddy O’Flanagan was barred from playing after his nickname was revealed to be “Polynesian Paddy”.
By 1900 Baseball had established itself as the number one sport in America. It had been a difficult sixty years but the game had come in to its own. A new commissioner, Thaddeus Barnum Ironside, took over in 1901 and he correctly predicted that Baseball would only continue to grow in the twentieth century. As he said:
“Nothing can stop our fair game from becoming even greater than it is today. I predict unprecedented growth of baseball in this new century. Only something unimaginable, like the synthesis of testosterone in to some form that players could ingest to increase their speed and strength, could undermine baseball; or possibly two devastating wars in Europe that will break out in the next 40 years and thrust our world in to chaos and unforeseen carnage; or maybe the development of atomic weapons capable of destroying the earth thousands of times over. The spirits are also telling me that man will land on the moon before the year 1970…”
Ironside’s baseball prediction proved to be eerily accurate and the game continued its growth through out the twentieth century. New talents would emerge and join baseball’s annals alongside the greats of the nineteenth century. Men like Kelly Gruber, Rance Mulliniks, Pat Tabler and Dave Steib would carry on the proud tradition of Abner Doubleday.
We now take baseball for granted but had it not been for a man with a vision and a nation longing for a distraction from all the tuberculosis and syphilis that was the 1800’s the game may never have been. So though it does not resemble the steroid infused, commercialized shell of a game that it is today it is important to remember that Baseball, like America, was forged in the turbulent nineteenth century.
Richard Light is the Chair of the Baseball Studies Department at Emory University. His latest book Strike Four!? Baseball’s Wackiest Moments, Zaniest Plays and Bloodiest Tragedies is now available in stores.
“Gentlemen, I mean to devise a game that will incorporate my love of hitting balls with sticks and my love of waiting patiently for something mildly exciting to happen.” - Abner Doubleday ca. 1839.
In 1839 Abner Doubleday set out to create an entirely new game, a game that would change America. In less than a year he had managed to steal enough ideas from a variety of other games to finally premiere “A. Doubleday’s Fantastical Amusement Known As Bases & Balls: An Ideal Remedy For A Sedentary Lifestyle And An Excellent Way In Which To Experience This Proud Nation’s Fresh Air And Great Outdoors!” The first game was a resounding success and no one seemed to care that Doubleday had forgotten to find a way to finish his new game (it ended in the 137th inning when both sides agreed to temporarily halt the proceedings so they could take a quick opium break from which they would never return). The second game was even more successful due to Doubleday instituting the 90 inning cap, shortening the name to “A. Doubleday’s Hardballs” and hiring drunks instead of opium addicts to play.
In 1842 Doubleday abandoned his game to work on another sport that he called “Insane Racist Kill Ball.” Though now long forgotten, IKRB is now recognized as being influential on the much more popular “Civil War” that swept America in the early 1860’s. Taking over for Doubleday as Baseball’s de facto chief was Hercules Gilgamesh Swiggins. Swiggins modified the game slightly, instituting the foul line and eliminating the element of ritual murder. Less popular was his insistence that, “Only men of youthful vigour and firm in figure shall play, and they shall play in the nude, and I shall watch from over yonder, behind that tree.” Sadly Swiggin’s reign was short lived and by the late 1840’s clothes were back on playing field. Swiggin’s fell back in to obscurity until the late 1870’s when he was seen attempting to organize a new game in bathhouses and changing rooms across America.
By the 1850’s baseball was spreading in to the interior. It was the renegade, lawless era of the sport. There were no organized clubs or leagues but rather degenerate posses roaming the country searching for hookers, whiskey and large fields containing a diamond pattern with 4 bases spread exactly 90 feet apart. Most games ended in bloody shootouts after one team invariably reckoned that the field was not big enough for the both of ‘em (this was alleviated when the teams were reduced from 72 a side to 9).
In the early 1860’s baseball had become so popular in the North that President Abraham Lincoln decided he would forcibly impose it on the South through a bloody war of attrition. After 4 years and hundreds of thousands of deaths the South reluctantly embraced the Yankee sport of baseball or, as they called it, “emancipation-ball”. So happy were the Southerners after playing the new game that they freed all of their slaves.
In the years after the Civil War baseball became even more popular and as a result people realized that there were profits to be made. As always these people were old white men who only had the best of intentions. Though numerous leagues were established the most important was stockings magnate Elijah George Jefferson’s Stocking League (SL). In the SL players wore uniforms and were paid salaries. Fans gained the privilege of paying to sit and watch grown men swing at balls with sticks. Teams like the New York Brown Stockings played the Pittsburgh Green Stockings played in front of crowds of thousands. Unfortunately most fans and players grew tired of the league’s strange association with stockings. In 1868 one player, Burt “Ole Socks” McGee, famously asked: “Why are all of our teams named after the colour of our stockings? This is a dumb trend that I hope does not catch on.” In 1869 the league finally collapsed when players refused payment in socks.
In 1870 a new league was formed: the New League. In the NL teams eschewed the names of the SL and created exciting new names like the Pittsburgh Baseball Franchise, the Hartford Hartfordians, the Philadelphia Team Name Forthcoming and the Boston Red Stockings. The NL was an immediate success and the first stars of the era emerged. Men like Maverick “Steve” Abernathie and Aces “John” Malone wowed crowds with their uncanny ability to draw walks after falling behind in the count. Ladies swooned as the great pitcher Dutch Brannigan established the strike zone early on and had little trouble keeping his pitch count below 110 through eight innings of nearly shut out ball.
There were many memorable figures playing in the 1870’s but by far the most popular player was the consummate showman Petey “The Consummate Showman” Pelley. Known less for his athleticism, skill and understanding of the basic rules than he was for entertaining the crowd Petey quickly became a fan favourite. His most famous trick was to steal home plate from first base. When Pelley’s “first to home!” trick became old he began to steal right field from the dug out. The discovery the Petey Pelley was a moderately retarded escaped circus performer who was only trying to, as he said, “escape from the clowns who live in my head!” put a quick end to his popularity but he is still remembered as the only man ever to steal an opposing teams batting circle.
While the NL was thriving the game of baseball continued spreading west, across America. In 1875 General George Armstrong Custer generously donated baseball equipment from a team decimated by small pox to the Sioux Indians of the Dakotas. Unfortunately the Sioux Indians (as their team was known) upset liberal sensibilities with their racist name and the team was relocated to Cleveland. The Indians would get some revenge in 1876 when they “massacred” Custer and the 7th Cavalry at Little Bighorn, beating them 17-4 (Custer: 2 IP, 9 ER, 2 K’s, 6 BB’s; Sitting Bull: 7 IP, 2 ER, 9 K’s, 4 BB’s).
Little Bighorn had a negative effect on the popular game and by the late 1870’s baseball was no longer a top draw. Also fans started realizing that nothing ever fucking happened. Fortunately one brave, incredibly wealthy, old white man recognized that he could still make some money off the game and he selflessly devoted himself to saving the sport. The man’s name was Abraham Ezekiel McMoses and he clearly outlined his vision for the game he loved in an 1879 letter to his wife.
“Dearest Mary
In this eighteen hundred and seventy ninth year of our Lord I have set out to save the greatest American past time of baseball. The game has fallen into disrepute of late because it has been rightly characterized as a complicated pursuit where grown men stand around and nothing happens. My idea is not so much to change the game itself but instead to provide the audience with ample amounts of whiskey that will enliven their spirits and cloud their already simple minds. This drunken stupor should in turn motivate them to make ill thought wagers on the outcome of the game. I heartily feel that the addition of whiskey and gambling will mislead the great number of imbeciles in our nation in to believing this game is worth watching and thus provide me with even more riches. This is my dream Mary and I plan to follow it. May God Bless Us!
Sincerely, Your Loving Husband
P.S. My final idea is also to incorporate humorously shaped hats for the players to wear for the amusement of the moronic audience.”
In one moment of inspired genius McMoses had saved the game of baseball. The funny hats were never adopted but alcohol and gambling saved the dying sport. The New League filled stadiums with men so blindingly drunk they gambled with reckless abandon. Even to this day only a few really big nerds can enjoy baseball without alcohol or gambling.
The 1880’s saw yet another renaissance in baseball but the savage alcoholism and degenerate gambling now associated with the sport had a few unforeseen negative side effects. It was not just the fans that embraced the new baseball but many players did as well. Players began betting on games they were playing while swigging down moonshine. One pitcher for the Cincinnati Reds, Chet Rankin, drank a quart of whiskey after every inning and fans placed bets on when he would inevitably wet himself and collapse under the weight of his own drunkenness. Sadly, Mr. Rankin was considered one of the more upstanding players of the decade.
Alcohol induced vomiting and uncontrolled urination may have been entertaining (and still is) but rampant gambling was less so. Players intentionally losing games for payoffs ruined many careers. That is to say that the morons who refused payoffs made no easy money and could not live the fun filled, regret free lifestyle of their corrupt colleagues. I mean it just makes sense, a couple of hundred bucks just to strike out or whatever, you would have to be an idiot not to take that deal. Anyways a lot of those guys made some real easy money for not doing much and I am sure as hell not going to get all preachy and shit on their parade. Man, that was a sweet gig.
The gambling could not continue on forever though and the league decided to rethink the unrestricted policy when games went on indefinitely because neither side wanted to win and fail to collect that sweet, easy money. A dejected McMoses had to step down as commissioner of the NL. It was a sad day for Baseball. In 1889 he penned a letter to his wife bemoaning his demise:
“Dearest Mary
I will be returning to you my sweet wife. Though I am no longer in charge of the affairs of this dumb game I will be glad to leave this menagerie of vagabonds, rogues, drunks, thieves and losers who so love baseball. I do not want to upset your Christian sensibilities with tales of these awful men but I will say this: it was a total dickweed convention. Thankfully I milked them for all they were worth. Please inform the children that I shall be home in a fortnight. May God keep you in good stead.
Sincerely, Your Loving Husband.
P.S. Please contact the local haberdashery for I have an inordinate amount of whimsically shaped hats and head garments that I will no doubt need to sell to some one.”
In 1890 McMoses was replaced by a stern taskmaster known as Archibald Jefferson Davis Williams. Williams was Southern Baptist Preacher who aimed to bring back integrity to the game while eliminating all the fun. He was an unpleasant, humourless man who hated alcohol, gambling, women, children, animals, books, talking and everything. He only liked baseball, the Bible and severe beatings. His own wife once said that “the only time I witnessed him smiling was when he severely beat our children with the Bible after a good Baseball game.”
Williams immediately divided the Old League in to the American and National Leagues because he hated odd numbers (he is also reported to have said, “I don’t much care for even numbers either”). His next move was to implement severe beatings for anyone who gambled, drank alcohol or associated with any woman who was not his wife. He followed these rules so strictly that he beat his own son for spending too much time with his mother. His son was not even in the league and was six years old.
The two new leagues led by Williams returned baseball's reputation as a sport of gentlemen. Unfortunately in the 1890’s “gentleman” equaled “racist”. Thus in 1891 Williams decided to ban all non-white players. It was a devastating blow to the sport which had been interracial dating back to the very first game played in 1840 when Abner Doubleday picked “that black guy” to play for his squad. It would not be until 1947 that Jackie Robinson would finally shatter the colour barrier (along with the dreams of dozens of mediocre white baseball players).
While the game was supposed to be all white the 1890’s were dominated by players who managed to cleverly hide their place of origin in order to play in the big leagues. Fortunately, Williams was incredibly gullible and took the nicknames of players quite literally often overlooking their heritage if their nickname indicated they came from somewhere else. As such the men who shaped the game in the 1890’s were Sayid “The Danish Sensation” Ali, “The Flying Dutchman” Van Louc Minh, Chief Little Horse aka “The Austrian Ace” and, of course, “The Pride of Norway” Sanjay Vijayaraghavan. Sadly the great Irish player Paddy O’Flanagan was barred from playing after his nickname was revealed to be “Polynesian Paddy”.
By 1900 Baseball had established itself as the number one sport in America. It had been a difficult sixty years but the game had come in to its own. A new commissioner, Thaddeus Barnum Ironside, took over in 1901 and he correctly predicted that Baseball would only continue to grow in the twentieth century. As he said:
“Nothing can stop our fair game from becoming even greater than it is today. I predict unprecedented growth of baseball in this new century. Only something unimaginable, like the synthesis of testosterone in to some form that players could ingest to increase their speed and strength, could undermine baseball; or possibly two devastating wars in Europe that will break out in the next 40 years and thrust our world in to chaos and unforeseen carnage; or maybe the development of atomic weapons capable of destroying the earth thousands of times over. The spirits are also telling me that man will land on the moon before the year 1970…”
Ironside’s baseball prediction proved to be eerily accurate and the game continued its growth through out the twentieth century. New talents would emerge and join baseball’s annals alongside the greats of the nineteenth century. Men like Kelly Gruber, Rance Mulliniks, Pat Tabler and Dave Steib would carry on the proud tradition of Abner Doubleday.
We now take baseball for granted but had it not been for a man with a vision and a nation longing for a distraction from all the tuberculosis and syphilis that was the 1800’s the game may never have been. So though it does not resemble the steroid infused, commercialized shell of a game that it is today it is important to remember that Baseball, like America, was forged in the turbulent nineteenth century.
Richard Light is the Chair of the Baseball Studies Department at Emory University. His latest book Strike Four!? Baseball’s Wackiest Moments, Zaniest Plays and Bloodiest Tragedies is now available in stores.
4 comments | Leave a comment